A Study On Student Government Association - 1549 Words

Pace’s Student Government Association—also known as SGA—is another school meeting public to the student body. Those who are in the Student Government Association are eboard Senators that represent different types of on-campus organizations and clubs. SGA senators meet every other Friday from 12:30 p.m. to 3:30 p.m. or until time permits on the top floor of Kessel building in the Multi-Purpose room. If special events are being held on SGA meeting days, SGA is usually in Butcher Suite, which is also on the top floor of Kessel. Members of SGA are expected to dress in formal business attire or in a modest appropriation. These members sit in rows and are assigned to specific seats in the room with signs—similar to congressional placards—that distinguish the type of club or organization the individual senator represents. The President and his board sits at the front of the room—separate from the senators; it is like the formation of a panel. This a ssociation uses parliamentary motions on a normal basis during their meetings. The purpose of SGA meetings is for senators to voice their concerns and make proposals to the President on behalf of the club and organization. The goal of the President and his board is to find solutions to the issues that are raised and to look into supporting students by ensuring that students are also doing well academically. Clubs and organizations also update each other about projects that they are working on and the progress they have made over time.Show MoreRelatedPositive Association Between Mean Ses Intake Composition And School Mean Performance1615 Words   |  7 Pagespositive association between mean SES Intake composition and school mean performance. Bashir Sajitha, (1994); investigated as whether the greater managerial discretion associated with the private sector leads to high academic performance in Tamil Nadu. Sample size and instruments used in this study A multigrade sampling design was used, yielding on analytic sample of pupils in schools ( public school, 20, private aided schools and 20 unaided private schools.) located in five districts of state.Read MoreEssay on Breakfast as a Scholastic Tool1448 Words   |  6 Pageslast a lifetime. While many may have trouble believing that a piece of toast in the morning can produce increased academic performance as well as a healthy mind, the fact is it has been proven to be true. It is for this reason that the federal government should establish a universal free breakfast program for all secondary schools in the United States. For many years, the United States has recognized the fact that there is a major problem with its educational system. In an assessment of our nationsRead MoreAn International Study On Student Assessment Essay1345 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational ranks of education, the United States, although lower ranked than before, has been stagnant in their performance. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, an international study on student assessment revealed the low ranking of United States compared to the rest of the world. The study surveyed 15-year old’s academic performance and the U.S. came at 25th in math, 14th in reading, and 17th in science (Kornbluh). The United States is a growing nation and in order to compete atRead MoreWorld War I And Higher Education1663 Words   |  7 Pagestransformation or become junior colleges to prepare students to attend universities (Cohen Kisker, 2009). The making of the contemporary research university helped some unive rsities survive the conflict. The Association of American Universities (AAU) formed in 1900 aided in the increase of research based institutes, and throughout World War I research to aid the war effort through studies on explosives and industrial processes was supported through government funding (2009). The Reserve Officers’ TrainingRead MoreThe Progression And Maturation Of Human Development841 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopmental psychologists examine the progression and maturation of human development throughout a lifetime (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). Additionally, developmental psychologists study how humans are able to acclimate to changes. Traditionally, their roles focus around the various stages during childhood and adolescence due in part to the rapid changes experienced during the first stages of life, however they are not limited to those age groups. Undergraduate and graduate degreesRead MoreThe Cost Of A College Education1265 Words   |  6 Pagesalarming rate. Increased tuitions, decreased government funding, and increased institutional debt contribute to a $1 trillion student debt crises. These factors, along with critical mismanagement of funds on the part of Universities create an environment where education has risen at more than twice the rate of inflation. By examining educational institutions finances, we can begin to understand the problem, and how to solve it. In a study conducted by the Association of Higher Education Facilities (APPA)Read MoreIntelligence Survey Method1187 Words   |  5 Pagesthe respondents through structured inventory designed on the basis of objectives of the study and a Social Intelligence test. Secondary Data have been collected through various Journals, books internet which are restricted to the conceptual framework of the paper only. Sampling design The population has comprised of Higher Secondary School Students in Palakkad District. A convenient sampling size of 360 students of respondents has been selected using stratified random sampling. Tools SNS usage inventoryRead MoreEssay On Obesity1410 Words   |  6 Pages(Chriqui, 2013). However, the studies that were used and have been used, focus primarily on the school environment and the influence of physical education and physical activity policies as well as food and beverage policies. The author used several studies, to observe implementation and the influence of the policies stated above. Which were, qualitative, review, observational and quantitative studies. The studies where done on policy implementation studies, the association of policy with physical activityRead MoreThe Findings From My Current Research Indicate That It1697 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent research indicate that it is true that poor nutrition negatively affects the academic performance of the students. Also, the study shows that when the students are given meals with good nutrient content, it is significant because it supports their growth and development as well as improve their cognitive development (Langford, et. al, 2014). The study showed that majority of the students who performed poorly in their tests are the one that is fed in meals that lack nutrients. Those participantsRead MoreSchool Profile : Crown College Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pagesfocused on preparing spiritual students to serve and influence the country and world. Crown College is Christian-based, so the campus is alive with religious prayers, services, ministries and supportive program. Crown College maintains membership through the Council of Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU), which includes more than 100 accredited educational institutions offer Christian faculty, administration and higher education programs. Around 20 percent of students are from 40 different countries

Depression And Its Effects On Adolescents - 1328 Words

Throughout the world, people are suffering from this disease. Depression affects people without regard to gender, age, or background. â€Å"Depression is a common but serious mood disorder. Depression can cause changes in how you feel, think, and manage daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working. To be diagnosed with depression, the symptoms must be present for at least two weeks† (NIMH  » Depression, 1). â€Å"Major depression is a common mental disorder affecting adolescents in the United States† (NIMH  » Major Depression Among Adolescents, 1). Depression is mostly experienced by teens, but is considered an adult illness. In adolescents, some of the greatest reasons for depression is due to the maturation process, the stress that comes with it, sex hormones, and conflicts with parents. When seeking an adolescent with depression, there are countless warning signs to be aware of. A few of the signs to be aware of being suicidal ideation, poor performance in school, a general feeling of sadness, and changes in eating and/or sleeping routines. Additional warning signs may include feelings of hopelessness, irritability, anger, hostility, frequent crying, withdrawals from friends and family, loss of interest in daily activities, restlessness, agitation, feelings of worthlessness and guilt, lack of enthusiasm and motivation, fatigue, lack of energy, difficulty concentrating, unexplained aches and pains, and thoughts of suicide (Smith Segal, 2016, 1). The warning signs andShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Depression On Adolescents And Adolescents1687 Words   |  7 PagesAdolescent Depression Introduction Depression is an illness that affects adults as well as adolescents. Actually, depression affects a great percentage of adolescents, more than one may think. One in five (20%) adolescents are experiencing some form of depression within their lifespan (Schwarz, 2009). There are many different forms of depression. From a major shift in behavior, constant feeling of helplessness, to a major influence as to why one is not excelling in activities that they once lovedRead MoreDepression And Its Effects On Adolescent Depression1290 Words   |  6 PagesDepression is an issue facing a large amount of people today. It has becoming increasingly known that a lot of depression begins to start in the adolescent years for many individuals. The social work profession is critical in helping this adolescent depression not lead to further depression in adulthood. To understand adolescent depression and what is needed to help people suffering from it, we need to further understand the prevalence of ad olescent depression, the effects it has on teens sociallyRead MoreAdolescent Depression And Its Effects1339 Words   |  6 Pages1st period January 5, 2015 Adolescent depression While researching I found out that many things about adolescent depression and thanks to the authors that published books, newspaper and magazines. These authors provided useful information about adolescent depression that helps me understand the results or tragic outcomes which made me value this issue. Providing me with graphs, rates, discussions and informing me with important information about adolescent depression. The information authors providedRead MoreThe Effects Of Depression And The Stress On Adolescents1524 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Stress on adolescents that is caused by school created pressures is a very controversial topic in today’s society. They are required to have so much of their life figured out and achieve academic excellence or else they will be ruining their adult lives that they have not had much time to even think about. Such crucial responsibilities being given to them can cause the pressure to have both mental and physical effects on the adolescents. A lot more adolescents are feeling this stress thanRead MoreThe Effects Of Depression On Children And Adolescents Essay998 Words   |  4 Pagesrepeatedly that depression occurs in adulthood and that children and adolescents do not experience episodes of depression. The ailment of adulthood and depression is something that is not accurately especially given the current reality in face in society. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, in 2015, an estimated 3 million adolescents aged 12 to 17 in the United States had at least o ne major depressive episode in the past year. Not to solely focus on adolescents, the evidence aboutRead MoreEffects Of Depression On Adolescents And Young Adults925 Words   |  4 Pagesclinical depression one may be suffering from. Clinical Depression is a mood disorder that is treatable. The symptoms of a depressed individual often reflect: hopelessness, agitation, guilt, feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, significant weight loss, insomnia and thoughts of suicide. Depression can distort the way that an individual views their lives, self or even the things around them. The effects of depression are expressed in numerous different ways among various age groups. For adolescents andRead MoreParental Depression And Its Effects On Children And Adolescents1714 Words   |  7 Pagesfor a valuable research (Capella, 2016). According to Reising et al., (2016), the study was to address parental depression, social economic status (SES), and community disadvantage for internal and external issues in children and adolescents. Also, taking to account that parental negligence is also a factor that is connected to the internal and external problems in children and adolescents. In addition, concurring to the previous research (Fear, et al., 2009) (Flynn Rudolph 2011), (Lewis, Colli shawRead MoreEffects Of Depression On Children And Adolescents1838 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Depression is a significant problem for adolescents and one of the most common reasons that they seek mental health treatment. Depression is often brought on or worsened by experiencing negative life events such as bullying, abuse or neglect, parental divorce, and countless others. There are numerous treatment options for depression, but cognitive behavior therapy is one of the most widely used and heavily researched treatments for depression in children and adolescents. Adolescents who areRead MoreThe Effects of Physical Fitness on Depression on Female Adolescents799 Words   |  4 PagesThe effects of physical fitness on depression A growing epidemic in America is depression. Physicians are able to prescribe drugs to help with the symptoms of depression, but other therapeutic methods have been studied and show great results in recovery. Therapeutic Physical Fitness has shown to reduce depression and anxiety. Ihas been confirmed through experiments that physical exercise can be as effective as antidepressant drugs and some cases suggest that it better prevents symptomRead More The Effects of Aerobic Exercise Among Adolescents with Mild to Moderate Depression3411 Words   |  14 PagesThe Effects of Aerobic Exercise Among Adolescents with Mild to Moderate Depression Kaplan and Sadock (as cited in Brollier, Hamrick Jacobson, 1994) stated that depression, during the teen years, has become an increasing area of concern in psychiatry (Kaplan Sadock, 1991. Kashani, Carlson, Beck, Hoeper, Corcoran, McAllister, Fallahi, Rosenberg and Reid (as cited in Brollier, Hamrick , Jacobson, 1994) studied the prevalence of depression in adolescents and reported that approximately

The Effects of Noise Pollution Essay - 1340 Words

The Effects of Noise Pollution Have you ever considered that several of the noises you hear are noise pollution? The thought of pollution, to the majority of people, brings reflections of chemical spills, radiation, and holes in the ozone layer, and noise is usually last on the list. The term noise pollution is the term used to describe environmental pollution that deals with annoying or harmful noises and is constantly happening(1). Some common examples of noise pollution, that many people take for granite, are lawn mowers, airplanes, and car alarms. Noise pollution should be taken seriously because it can cause permanent hearing loss. According to a report from the Office of Noise Abatement and Control, millions of people are†¦show more content†¦ASHA reports that, in the United States alone, more than 20 million citizens are exposed to enough noise pollution to damage their hearing, 28 million Americans have already suffered hearing loss, and about 20 million Americans are exposed to hearing loss at their work places(3). According to ASHA, hearing loss can be caused by a single exposure, long-term exposure, or from extended exposure to moderate noise(4). For example, single exposure to an extremely loud noise would be a gun shot that can be as high as 140 decibels. Another example a long-term exposure hearing loss would be working in a factory over an extended period of time where noise is induced gradually, painlessly, and permanently. Listening to the stereo to load would be an example of a moderate noise. Hearing loss can be caused by the littlest noises; for example, if a child holds a squeakier toy next to his ear, this could cause hearing loss. Some hearing loss cannot be helped with hearing aides, like damage from working in a factory, and for others it can help a little. According to Nancy Nadler, director of the Noise Center at the League for the Hard Hearing, noise pollution can cause much more than just hearing loss. Health problems related to noise include stress, high blood pressure, sleeplessness, distraction, and lowered work productivity(5). Noise pollution also effects children in learning. Studies haveShow MoreRelatedCauses and Effects of Noise Pollution909 Words   |  4 PagesCauses And Effects Of Noise Pollution Noise can be defined as an unwanted or undesired sound. Decibel is the standard unit for measurement of sound. Usually 80 db is the level at which sound becomes physically painful. And can be termed as noise. Humans, animals, plants and even inert objects like buildings and bridges have been victims of the increasing noise pollution caused in the world. Be it human or machine-created, noise disrupts the activity and balance of life. While traffic dons theRead MoreNoise Pollution And Its Effect On The Environment Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pagesbut you can t fall asleep because of the noise from airplane or have you ever found it hard to hold a conversation with someone next to a busy street? If you’ve ever experienced any of these situations or anything similar, then you have just experienced first-hand noise pollution, while this may not seem like a big deal but noise pollution is becoming an increasing problem in cities and especially in urban areas. The textbook definition of noise pollution is any sound that is commonly consideredRead MoreAnthropogenic Noise Pollution And Its Effects On Cetaceans876 Words   |  4 PagesAnthropogenic Noise Pollution and Its Effects on Cetaceans Cetaceans use sound extensively in both communication, hunting, and navigation. However as humanity continues to make use of the ocean we are constantly filling it with equipment that produces high amounts of sound. These devices are starting to have an impact on cetaceans worldwide, from mass strandings often linked to military exercises to area denials caused by busy commercial shipping lanes and seismic surveys. If consideration is notRead MoreThe Effects Of Noise And Air Pollution On The Environment2009 Words   |  9 Pagessuch as road congestion. Environmental factors look at the impact that the new build will have on the natural environment this includes looking at the impact to trees and other vegetation, wildlife and habitats. It can also look at the effects of noise and air pollution that is going to be created by the building process. B) Before a building is designed and built there are some physical factors that need to be taken into consideration as part of the construction planning process: Planning requirementsRead MoreNoise Pollution : An Underrated Environmental Pollution Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesYuemeng Ma ENVS*1030 Oct 7, 2016 Noise Pollution: An Underrated Environmental Pollution In April of 2011, WHO and the European Union Cooperative Research Center published a comprehensive report on the impact of noise on human health, Burden of disease from environmental noise. This is the most comprehensive study of noise pollution in recent years. Noise pollution is not only annoying, poor sleep, but also can trigger heart disease, learning disabilities and tinnitus and other diseases, but alsoRead MoreNoise Pollution Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagestypes of pollution such as water pollution, air pollution, solid waste, radioactive and nuclear energy, and lastly noise pollution. Noise pollution, or environmental noise, is displeasing sound created by humans, animals, or machines, that disrupts the activity or balance of domestic and animal life. The most common source of the pollution is brought on worldwide by transportation systems that include motor vehicle noise, aircraft noise and rail noise. Other sources that cause the pollution, both indoorRead MoreThe Hazard ous Effects of Pollution to the Environment and Human Health.Docx Uploaded Successfully1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Hazardous Effects of Pollution to the Environment and Human Health Abstract Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change. It can take the form of chemical substances or energy. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. It is any discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air that causes or may cause acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) detrimentRead MoreNoise Pollution1508 Words   |  7 PagesNoise pollution  (or  environmental  noise) is displeasing human, animal or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life. The word  noise  comes from the Latin word  nauseas, meaning seasickness. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly  construction  and  transportation systems, including  motor vehicle  noise,  aircraft noise  and  rail noise.[1][2]  Poor  urban planning  may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildingsRead MoreThe Effects Of Environmental Pollution On The Environment1405 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental pollution is a major problem in the world, posing many health risks to both humans and the environment when exposed to the pollutants for long periods of time. Environmental pollution can simply be defined as â€Å"the presence in the environment of an agent which is potentially damaging to either the environment or human health (Briggs, 2003, 2).† There are many different types of pollution, such as air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution. Environmental pollution needs to startRead MoreNoise Pollution Case Study Solution866 Words   |  4 Pages Noise Pollution Your Particular Case Study: http://e360.yale.edu/features/how_ocean_noise_pollution_wreaks_havoc_on_marine_life Table of Contents: Click here to jump to the right spot.î ¿ ¿ Research Notes Background on your topic: Your topic: Provide Solutions: Resources: Storyboard Rubricî ¿ ¾ Starting Point for Research Research Notes Background on your topic: Why is the ocean so important? (Food webs, oxygen producer, CO2 sink etc.) The ocean is important because it is a home to many different animals

Eno Restaurant Wine Bar - 1988 Words

Introduction ENO Restaurant Wine Bar was on the Atlanta, Georgia circuit for 10 plus years. It was a hit until the new owner step on the scene and the original owner had to give up on his passion since a teenage boy. ENO struggles to stay alive and revive itself with a new name, menu and swagger for the Elite socialite. In the mind of an entrepreneur failure is never an option. No entrepreneur wants to hear the word or talk about it. ENO got a second chance to shine in the spot light keeping its original name to include the new owner first name ENO by Zaza. Many would be impression that the new owner is a celebrity basketball player but was his star status good enough to score points to keep a business from failure. ENO Restaurant ENO was a European-Mediterranean influenced restaurant and wine bar. â€Å"ENO† derives from the ancient Roman term â€Å"Enotria† meaning â€Å"Land of Wine† Past and Present history has it that ENO means Wine. ENO was located at 800 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA, in the heart of Midtown in one of Atlanta’s most populated areas of town. ENO Restaurant Bar opened in1998 starting off as a partnership between Doug Strickland and Chef Jamie Adams. ENO is the realization of Doug Strickland vision of life dream to create a quality fine dining restaurant and casual food and wine bar that imbibes the slower more relaxed pace enjoyed by many in a Mediterranean atmosphere. ENO mission has always made a point that good food and wine is the linchpin of gastronomy. (D.

Killing the Cherry Tree free essay sample

Beads of cooling sweat speckle my forehead and drip off my nose as I run down the court. Hints of salt pinch my dried tongue. My muscles burn as my limbs push through maple syrup. Sneakers squeak, red-faced coaches bark and stomp, players yell and grunt, the crowd cheers and whoops. But I cannot hear any of that. A silence of concentration and focus envelops me. I look back and forth between the player I’m guarding and the player dribbling the ball, knowing she’s going to pass it. I stare between them to see them both, and think, â€Å"You’re not getting the ball.† She passes. I whack the ball away midair, sending it towards the other end of the court. With a surge of adrenaline, I leap forward, waving my arms as if to use the thick air to push myself, and sprint towards the ball. I snatch it up and run as fast as I can towards the basket, towards scoring. We will write a custom essay sample on Killing the Cherry Tree or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I feel someone coming behind me and I tense slightly. But I’m at the basket. I pick up my dribble. Step. I lower my shoulder. Step. Layup. I’m sent flying from the shove behind me and smack into the wall like an angry judge’s gavel commanding order in the court. I growl, thinking there’s no way the shot went in. The whistle blows, the crowd stands and roars. I raise my eyebrows in surprise. I made the shot, and she fouled me. I cannot help the formation of a smirk as I pass her on my way to the foul line. The ref passes me the ball. Pure silence hangs in the humid air. Bounce, drop-spin, bounce, spin. Pause. Shoot. Swish. I look up at the excited crowd and scan for him. I see an overweight mom from the other team pouting. I see an old man calmly enjoying a mustard covered hot dog. I see a little girl counting out Skittles for her friend. I see the parents of my teammates obnoxiously cheering. I see my mom, who smiles and waves, sitting with my younger brother and sister. But he’s not with them. I glance by the doors at a photographer and a couple players from the game before. I think, â€Å"No surprise there.† Countless children experience the absence of a parent, much like I did. Parents may haveto work so much that they forget about the loved ones they are working for. Parents work hard for their family: to pay for a house, pay for education, give their kids the good life they deserve. Children deserve a healthy relationship with a parent. It is crucial to their development. Therefore, parents should spend as much time with their children as their job permits and cherish the time, as they only grow up once. My dad and I used to be as close as a father and his firstborn son. He used to give me toy cars and superhero action figures to play with in addition to my Barbies and Polly Pockets. He would take me with him to the office or a construction site, where I’d quietly sit in a corner playing with my purple teddy bear. He would carry me on his shoulders wherever we went so I could see over everyone’s head. He would do anything for me, including when I desperately wanted a cherry tree. After reading the George Washington cherry tree fable, I wanted to be just like George Washington. So my dad bought me a cherry tree. We spent hours together digging dirt, gathering stones, and planting the tree in the backyard. Little did I know that after years of sickness, the tree would die. Once I started sports, he supported me and coached me even if he had no idea what he was talking about. He would videotape all of my games, and even though I was pretty terrible at the start, he was proud. He was a great dad. He did work tirelessly, running his own small company, but he still found time to be with his family and attend dinner daily. When I was in fifth grade, however, when the economy took a hit, he started to work more often and began to drift away from us. Eventually, he had to shut down his company and start working for others. He first worked for a company stationed in Maryland, which required him to have an apartment there while the rest of us stayed home in Pennsylvania. Initially, he struggled to spend as much time as he could with us. The first thing to go was Sunday mass. Next were parent-teacher conferences, back to school night, basketball games, and opening presents on Christmas morning. And finally, my high school graduation. I came to think that my dad’s absence from my games was normal. I was used to it. His failure to show up didn’t upset me; many parents are unable to go to their children’s games due to work. So when he missed art showcases, talent shows, and awards ceremonies, I could have cared less. Eventually, he took a job with a different company specifically so he could work from home and spend more time with us. It sounded promising, but that’s not what happened. After years of choosing work over family I realized the absence wasn’t only from my activities, but from my whole life. Whenever he was actually home, there were only yelling, anger, and slamming doors. I couldn’t confide in him anymore. He didn’t know me or my siblings. There was an invisible, indestructible wall between us, blocking emotions and any chance of being close again. He was never mentally present in conversations unless he was giving a monologue on current politics. So whe n I left for college, it didn’t really feel like I was leaving him because he was never there. When my family dropped me off, he gave me a hug. I grew stiff and my eyes darted back and forth as my eyebrows knit together in confusion. I understand the necessity to provide for loved ones, and that for some jobs there is no way around long hours or traveling. But focusing on work can ruin the relationships with the very people one is trying to support through their job. The countless weekends my dad worked to impress clients were countless weekends my siblings and I missed going to the lake, playing board games, or going out for breakfast with him. Relationships, once broken, are very hard to rebuild. Because I know the importance of working, I am not discouraging it, but encouraging maintenance of parent-child relationships. Eventually, the economy improved, giving my dad more free time. Instead of spending his time with his kids, he spent it playing video games. Parents have a crucial role in the development and well-being of a child. The times my relationship with my dad were the worst were also the most miserable times of my life. I cannot tell if he feels the same way, but my mom constantly tells me, â€Å"He ’s going to regret it.† Parent-child relationships are important. Having a relationship with a parent is almost automatic; not much effort is needed to maintain it. Maintaining a relationship with a child is like caring for a cherry tree. It takes a lot to kill a cherry tree, but once it’s dead, it’s dead. Trees pretty much grow on their own and don’t need care. But if a tree becomes sick, it is up to the gardener to save it. If the gardener neglects the tree, it will die, and the fresh springtime cherries are lost forever. But if the owner gives the tree some of their free time and nurses it back to health, the tree flourishes and produces endless fruit.

Organic Nomenclature and Functional Groups free essay sample

Learning how to name and draw the structure of the various compounds is the first step in learning to speak the language of organic chemistry. Chapter 1 presented organic chemistry as the chemistry of the carbon atom. However, many organic compounds contain other atoms besides carbon that contribute significantly to the physical and chemical properties of the compound. Chemists call these atoms heteroatoms, and the groups they form, functional groups. This chapter provides an overview of the rules for naming organic www. ochem4free. com 5 July 2005 Organic Chemistry Ch 2 73 Daley Daley compounds. It also introduces the major functional groups that you will encounter as you study organic chemistry along with the rules of how to name them and draw their structures. The presence of heteroatoms radically changes the physical and chemical properties of the compounds to which they are bonded. In fact, the carbon— heteroatom bonds and the carbon—carbon multiple bonds are the main sites where chemical reactions take place. We will write a custom essay sample on Organic Nomenclature and Functional Groups or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Organic compounds are arranged into classes according to the particular functional groups that they contain. Members of each class of compounds share common chemical and physical characteristics. The names of organic compounds are assigned according to the class of the compound as determined by the functional groups. This chapter also shows how to draw the structural representations of these compounds. 2. 1 Drawing Organic Structures A two-dimensional structural formula of a hydrocarbon shows all of the atoms with all of their bonds in the plane of the page. Molecules are actual, three-dimensional entities. Their structure is a major factor that determines their physical properties and the way one molecule interacts with another molecule. These bonds are combinations of single bonds with hydrogen atoms and single or multiple bonds with other carbon atoms. For molecules that contain a large number of atoms or complex structures, drawing every bond and every atom is time and space consuming. A common notation developed to abbreviate the drawing without sacrificing the clarity of the structure is the condensed structural formula shown below for heptane: CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 Heptane www. ochem4free. com 5 July 2005 Organic Chemistry Ch 2 74 Daley Daley Taking out the lines representing the carbon—carbon bonds condenses this formula still more: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Heptane Heptane has five repeating —CH2— groups, called methylene groups. Because many organic molecules have such repetitive groups, an even more condensed notation shows these repeating units. Using this notation, the formula for heptane is as follows: CH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane Bond-line formulas represent the carbon atoms as the intersection of lines and as line ends. You assume all the hydrogens needed to complete carbon’s valences. The bond-line structural formula is the notation that most organic chemists prefer to use. Bond-line formulas are easy to draw and quickly convey the essential structure of a molecule. Both the ends and the angles of the structure represent the carbon atoms. C—H bonds are not shown, but you should assume that the appropriate number of hydrogen atoms is present to complete the four bonds required by carbon to have its octet of electrons. The bond-line formula for heptane looks like this: Heptane Not all hydrocarbons are straight chains; many are rings. Chemists use the same structural formulas for them. Because the illustration of the two-dimensional structural formula of methylcyclopentane is so cluttered, it does not clearly show the ring. H H H C C H C C C H H CH HH H HH Methylcyclopentane The condensed structural formula is clearer. www. ochem4free. com 5 July 2005 Organic Chemistry Ch 2 75 Daley Daley CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH2 Methylcyclopentane The bond-line structural formula is even clearer. Thus, chemists use it most frequently. Methylcyclopentane Often, chemists combine the bond-line and condensed notations to clarify a structure or emphasize specific features. This formula also represents methylcyclopentane. CH3 Methylcyclopentane Exercise 2. 1 Redraw each of the following condensed structural formulas using the bond-line notation.